# What the research says about workplace sexual harassment

> URL: https://www.aftermetoo.com/article/what-the-research-says-about-workplace-sexual-harassment/  
> Language: en  
> Description: 47 years of research, listed out in full: harassment is about power, is as damaging as serious illness, and reporting rarely helps.

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Current as of **August 2026** · 158 sources

  

**Everything on Aftermetoo is rooted in research and evidence.** Below are the studies, data, and reports that have informed our work.

  
    

## The evidence at a glance

    
      **92**peer-reviewed journal articles
      **12**government / Statistics Canada reports
      **26**NGO / institutional reports
      **23**books
      **58**Canadian sources
      **2**graduate theses
      **3**other (book chapter, commentary, magazine)
      **1979–2026**years covered
    
  

  
    

## Jump to a topic

    
1. [Prevalence & measurement](#prevalence)
2. [Reporting: barriers & backlash](#reporting)
3. [Mental-health & wellbeing impacts](#mental-health)
4. [Economic & career impacts](#economic)
5. [Race, immigration & intersectionality](#race)
6. [2SLGBTQIA+ & gender-diverse workers](#lgbtq)
7. [Indigenous communities](#indigenous)
8. [Industry-specific settings](#industries)
9. [Law & policy (Canada)](#law)
10. [Media, culture & credibility](#culture)
11. [Institutional betrayal & courage](#institutional)
12. [Selected books](#books)

  
  
    

## Prevalence & measurement

    

How common workplace sexual harassment is in Canada and beyond, and how researchers and government agencies measure it.

    
- [Harassment and Violence in Canadian Workplaces (Second National Survey)](https://0deb55ac-f851-4658-a30b-fac78ef1017d.usrfiles.com/ugd/0deb55_855f14d62eb9493bbe7af1bbeb84b710.pdf)Berlingieri, A., et al. · Centre for Research & Education on Violence Against Women & Children, Western University, with the Canadian Labour Congress · 2026InstitutionalCanadian[Source ↗](https://0deb55ac-f851-4658-a30b-fac78ef1017d.usrfiles.com/ugd/0deb55_855f14d62eb9493bbe7af1bbeb84b710.pdf)
- [Gender Results Framework: A New Data Table on Workplace Harassment](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/240212/dq240212a-eng.htm)Statistics Canada · 2024GovernmentCanadian[Source ↗](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/240212/dq240212a-eng.htm)
- [Mitigating or Magnifying the Harmful Influence of Workplace Aggression: An Integrative Review](https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2021.0144)Zhong, R., Lian, H., Hershcovis, M. S., & Robinson, S. L. · Academy of Management Annals, 17, 516–545 · 2023Peer-reviewedCanadian[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2021.0144)
- [Harassment and Violence in Canadian Workplaces: It’s [Not] Part of the Job](https://www.learningtoendabuse.ca/research/national_survey_on_harassment_and_violence_at_work_in_canada/pdf/Respect-at-Work-Report-ENGLISH.pdf)Berlingieri, A., Welsh, S., MacQuarrie, B., McFadyen, N. D., & Bigras-Dutrisac, H. · CREVAWC, Western University, with the Canadian Labour Congress · 2022 (rev. 2026)InstitutionalCanadian[Source ↗](https://www.learningtoendabuse.ca/research/national_survey_on_harassment_and_violence_at_work_in_canada/pdf/Respect-at-Work-Report-ENGLISH.pdf)
- [Workplace Discrimination and Harassment in Federally Regulated Workplaces: Results from the 2022 Survey of Employees under Federal Jurisdiction](https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/services/health-safety/reports/survey-results-discrimination-harassment.html)Employment and Social Development Canada · 2022GovernmentCanadian[Source ↗](https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/services/health-safety/reports/survey-results-discrimination-harassment.html)
- [A Call for Preventing Interpersonal Stressors at Work](https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000318)Grandey, A. A., Beehr, T., & Hershcovis, M. S. · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 27(1), 3–6 · 2022Peer-reviewedCanadian[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000318)
- [Workers’ Experiences of Inappropriate Sexualized Behaviours, Sexual Assault and Gender-based Discrimination in the Canadian Provinces, 2020](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2021001/article/00015-eng.htm)Burczycka, M. · Statistics Canada (Juristat) · 2021GovernmentCanadian[Source ↗](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2021001/article/00015-eng.htm)
- Rapport sur les comportements sexualisés inappropriés, les agressions sexuelles et la discrimination fondée sur le sexe et le genre au travailCox, R., Gesualdi-Fecteau, D., & Laflamme, A.-M. · Gouvernement du Québec, Ministère du Travail, de l’Emploi et de la Solidarité sociale · 2020GovernmentCanadian
- [Social and Situational Dynamics Surrounding Workplace Mistreatment: Context Matters](https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2479)Hershcovis, M. S., Cortina, L. M., & Robinson, S. L. · Journal of Organizational Behavior, 41(8), 699–705 · 2020Peer-reviewedCanadian[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2479)
- [Risques psychosociaux du travail : des risques à la santé mesurables et modifiables](https://www.inspq.qc.ca/publications/2373)Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ) · 2018GovernmentCanadian[Source ↗](https://www.inspq.qc.ca/publications/2373)
- [Harassment in Canadian Workplaces, 2016](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/75-006-x/2018001/article/54982-eng.htm)Hango, D., & Moyser, M. · Statistics Canada, Insights on Canadian Society · 2018GovernmentCanadian[Source ↗](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/75-006-x/2018001/article/54982-eng.htm)
- [Public Service Employee Survey](https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/9322c841-1498-4f18-91c5-3e09235f63ac)Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat · Government of Canada · 2017GovernmentCanadian[Source ↗](https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/9322c841-1498-4f18-91c5-3e09235f63ac)
- [Three-in-Ten Canadians Say They’ve Been Sexually Harassed at Work, but Very Few Have Reported This to Their Employers](https://angusreid.org/sexual-harassment/)Angus Reid Institute · 2014InstitutionalCanadian[Source ↗](https://angusreid.org/sexual-harassment/)
- [Enquête québécoise sur des conditions de travail, d’emploi et de santé et de sécurité du travail (EQCOTESST)](https://www.irsst.qc.ca/publications-et-outils/publication/i/100592/n/eqcotesst)Vézina, M., et al. · Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ) / Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST) · 2011GovernmentCanadian[Source ↗](https://www.irsst.qc.ca/publications-et-outils/publication/i/100592/n/eqcotesst)
- [“Incivility, Social Undermining, Bullying…Oh My!”: A Call to Reconcile Constructs within Workplace Aggression Research](https://doi.org/10.1002/job.689)Hershcovis, M. S. · Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(3), 499–519 · 2011Peer-reviewedCanadian[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1002/job.689)
- [Predicting Workplace Aggression: A Meta-Analysis](https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.228)Hershcovis, M. S., Turner, N., Barling, J., Arnold, K. A., Dupré, K. E., Inness, M., LeBlanc, M. M., & Sivanathan, N. · Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 228–238 · 2007Peer-reviewedCanadian[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.228)
- [Gender and Sexual Harassment](https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.169)Welsh, S. · Annual Review of Sociology · 1999Peer-reviewedCanadian[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.169)
- [Sexual Harassment across Occupations: New Evidence from Swedish Nationally Representative Data](https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcaf020)Folke, O., & Rickne, J. · European Sociological Review, 41(6), 903–918 · 2025Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcaf020)
- [Sexual Harassment and Gender Inequality in the Labor Market](https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjac018)Folke, O., & Rickne, J. · The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 137(4), 2163–2212 · 2022Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjac018)
- [Gender Parity at Work and Its Association with Workplace Sexual Harassment](https://doi.org/10.1177/2165079919900793)Raj, A., Johns, N. E., & Jose, R. · Workplace Health & Safety, 68(6), 279–292 · 2020Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1177/2165079919900793)
- [Precarious Employment and Self-Reported Experiences of Unwanted Sexual Attention and Sexual Harassment at Work: An Analysis of the European Working Conditions Survey](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233683)Reuter, M., Wahrendorf, M., Di Tecco, C., Probst, T. M., Ruhle, S., & Dragano, N. · PLOS ONE, 15(5), e0233683 · 2020Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233683)
- [Putting People Down and Pushing Them Out: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace](https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055606)Cortina, L. M., & Areguin, M. A. · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · 2020Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055606)
- Les violences sexuelles, le harcèlement sexuel et les agissements sexistes au travail — Résultats de l’Observatoire européen du sexisme et du harcèlement sexuel au travailIFOP / Fondation européenne d’études progressistes (FEPS) · 2019Institutional
- [Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine](https://doi.org/10.17226/24994)National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine · The National Academies Press · 2018Institutional[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.17226/24994)
- [Women in Majority-Male Workplaces Report Higher Rates of Gender Discrimination](https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2018/03/07/women-in-majority-male-workplaces-report-higher-rates-of-gender-discrimination/)Pew Research Center · 2018Institutional[Source ↗](https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2018/03/07/women-in-majority-male-workplaces-report-higher-rates-of-gender-discrimination/)
- [Promising Practices for Preventing Harassment](https://www.eeoc.gov/federal-sector/reports/promising-practices-preventing-harassment-federal-sector)U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission · 2017 (rev. 2023)Institutional[Source ↗](https://www.eeoc.gov/federal-sector/reports/promising-practices-preventing-harassment-federal-sector)
- [Sexual Harassment: Have We Made Any Progress?](https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000054)Quick, J. C., & McFadyen, M. A. · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · 2017Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000054)
- [Select Task Force on the Study of Harassment in the Workplace: Report of Co-Chairs Chai R. Feldblum & Victoria A. Lipnic](https://www.eeoc.gov/select-task-force-study-harassment-workplace-report-co-chairs-chai-r-feldblum-victoria-lipnic)U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission · 2016Institutional[Source ↗](https://www.eeoc.gov/select-task-force-study-harassment-workplace-report-co-chairs-chai-r-feldblum-victoria-lipnic)
- [An Overview of the Literature on Antecedents, Perceptions and Behavioural Consequences of Sexual Harassment](https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2010.501909)Pina, A., & Gannon, T. A. · Journal of Sexual Aggression · 2012Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2010.501909)
- [Workplace Sexual Harassment 30 Years On: A Review of the Literature](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2011.00300.x)McDonald, P. · International Journal of Management Reviews · 2012Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2011.00300.x)
- [There’s a Policy for That: A Comparison of the Organizational Culture of Workplaces Reporting Incidents of Sexual Harassment](https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v17i2.2175)Hertzog, J. L., Wright, D., & Beat, D. · Behavior and Social Issues, 17, 169–181 · 2008Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v17i2.2175)
- Organizational, Team Related and Job Related Risk Factors for Bullying, Violence and Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: A Qualitative StudyBaillien, E., Neyens, I., & De Witte, H. · International Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 13(2), 132–146 · 2008Peer-reviewed
- Bien-être au travail et prévention des risques psychosociauxService public fédéral Emploi, Travail et Concertation sociale (Belgium) · 2006Government
- Sexual Harassment in the Private SectorLundberg-Love, P., & Marmion, S. · in Paludi, M. A. & Paludi, C. A. Jr. (Eds.), *Academic and Workplace Sexual Harassment: A Handbook of Cultural, Social Science, Management, and Legal Perspectives* · Praeger · 2003Book chapter
- [Ambient Sexual Harassment: An Integrated Model of Antecedents and Consequences](https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1997.2728)Glomb, T. M., Richman, W. L., Hulin, C. L., Drasgow, F., Schneider, K. T., & Fitzgerald, L. F. · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 71(3), 309–328 · 1997Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1997.2728)
- [Antecedents and Consequences of Sexual Harassment in Organizations: A Test of an Integrated Model](https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.4.578)Fitzgerald, L. F., Drasgow, F., Hulin, C. L., Gelfand, M. J., & Magley, V. J. · Journal of Applied Psychology · 1997Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.4.578)

  
  
    

## Reporting: barriers, responses & backlash

    

Why people who are harassed frequently don’t report, how they weigh confronting a harasser, and the career penalties that can follow those who do speak up.

    
- [How Signals of Silence Sustain Sexual Harassment and What to Do About It](https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.70063)Workman-Stark, A. L., Vranjes, I., Lyubykh, Z., Cortina, L. M., Hershcovis, M. S., Berdahl, J. L., & Chrusch, C. · Human Resource Management · 2026Peer-reviewedCanadian[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.70063)
- La spirale du silence : pourquoi les victimes tardent-elles à dénoncer?Carrefour RH · 2025InstitutionalCanadian
- [See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Speak No Evil: Theorizing Network Silence around Sexual Harassment](https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000861)Hershcovis, M. S., Vranjes, I., Berdahl, J. L., & Cortina, L. M. · Journal of Applied Psychology, 106(12), 1834–1847 · 2021Peer-reviewedCanadian[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000861)
- [How Women Are Penalized at Work for Reporting Sexual Harassment](https://www.gendereconomy.org/women-reporting-sexual-harassment/)Ravanera, C. · Institute for Gender and the Economy (Rotman, U of T) · 2019InstitutionalCanadian[Source ↗](https://www.gendereconomy.org/women-reporting-sexual-harassment/)
- [Why Doesn’t She Just Report It?: Apprehensions and Contradictions for Women Who Report Sexual Violence to the Police](https://doi.org/10.3138/cjwl.29.1.36)Johnson, H. · Canadian Journal of Women and the Law · 2017Peer-reviewedCanadian[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.3138/cjwl.29.1.36)
- [The Moderating Effect of Equal Opportunity Support and Confidence in Grievance Procedures on Sexual Harassment from Different Perpetrators](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0165-2)Hershcovis, M. S., Parker, S. K., & Reich, T. C. · Journal of Business Ethics, 92(3), 415–432 · 2010Peer-reviewedCanadian[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0165-2)
- [Why Is Workplace Sexual Harassment Underreported? The Value of Outside Options amid the Threat of Retaliation](https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20221703)Dahl, G. B., & Knepper, M. M. · American Economic Review, 116(3), 897–933 · 2026Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20221703)
- [Assessing the Impact of Non-Disclosure Agreements and Forced Arbitration Clauses on Survivors of Workplace Sexual Harassment and Discrimination](https://gender.stanford.edu/media/6696/download?inline=)Chan, A. L., Nichols, B. J., Crossley, A. D., & Daub, A. · Clayman Institute for Gender Research, Stanford University · 2024Institutional[Source ↗](https://gender.stanford.edu/media/6696/download?inline=)
- [Fem or Foe? Non-Communal Women Who Report Sexual Harassment Receive Fewer Career Advancement Opportunities](https://doi.org/10.15760/honors.834)Werth, K. A., Martinez, L. R., Firestone, H. A., & Carsey, T. A. · Portland State University (PDXScholar) · 2020Thesis[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.15760/honors.834)
- [Ostracizing Targets of Workplace Sexual Harassment before and after the #MeToo Movement](https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-09-2018-0162)Brown, S. E. V., & Battle, J. S. · Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, 39(1), 53–67 · 2019Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-09-2018-0162)
- [Unofficial Reporting in the #MeToo Era](https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol2019/iss1/10/)Tuerkheimer, D. · University of Chicago Legal Forum · 2019Peer-reviewed[Source ↗](https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol2019/iss1/10/)
- [The Penalties for Self-Reporting Sexual Harassment](https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243219842147)Hart, C. G. · Gender & Society · 2019Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243219842147)
- [Initial Assessment of the Psychometric Properties of the Sexual Harassment Reporting Attitudes Scale](https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2018.1517629)Cesario, B., Parks-Stamm, E. J., Turgut, M., & Craig, T. · Cogent Psychology · 2018Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2018.1517629)
- [To Confront Versus not to Confront: Women’s Perception of Sexual Harassment](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpal.2017.04.002)Herrera, M. C., Herrera, A., & Expósito, F. · European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context · 2017Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpal.2017.04.002)
- Harcèlement sexuel au travail (enquête nationale)Défenseur des Droits & IFOP · 2014Institutional
- Predicting the Decision to Report Sexual Harassment: Organizational Influences and the Theory of Planned BehaviorClarke, H. M. · Journal of Organizational Psychology, 14(2), 52–65 · 2014Peer-reviewed
- [Voicing Their Complaints? The Silence of Students Working in Retail and Hospitality and Sexual Harassment from Customers](https://doi.org/10.1080/10301763.2014.978966)Good, L., & Cooper, R. · Labour & Industry · 2014Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1080/10301763.2014.978966)
- [The (Un)reasonableness of Reporting: Antecedents and Consequences of Reporting Sexual Harassment](https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.230)Bergman, M. E., Langhout, R. D., Palmieri, P. A., Cortina, L. M., & Fitzgerald, L. F. · Journal of Applied Psychology · 2002Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.230)
- [Why Didn’t She Just Report Him? The Psychological and Legal Implications of Women’s Responses to Sexual Harassment](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01312.x)Fitzgerald, L. F., Swan, S., & Fischer, K. · Journal of Social Issues · 1995Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01312.x)

  
  
    

## Mental-health & wellbeing impacts

    

The documented effects of harassment on mental health and wellbeing — including two meta-analyses that pool results across many studies.

    
- [A Meta-Analysis of the Antecedents and Consequences of Workplace Sexual Harassment](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00067.x)Willness, C. R., Steel, P., & Lee, K. · Personnel Psychology · 2007Peer-reviewedCanadian[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00067.x)
- [Effects of Chronic Workplace Harassment on Mental Health and Alcohol Misuse: A Long-Term Follow-Up](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16219-0)McGinley, M., Richman, J. A., & Rospenda, K. M. · BMC Public Health, 23, 1–12 · 2023Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16219-0)
- [A Meta-Analysis Integrating 20 Years of Workplace Incivility Research: Antecedents, Consequences, and Boundary Conditions](https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2568)Han, S. J., et al. · Journal of Organizational Behavior, 43(3), 497–523 · 2022Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2568)
- [Antecedents and Consequences of Observing Workplace Sexual Behavior](https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-05-2014-0167)Baker, A. N. · Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(1), 265–279 · 2016Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-05-2014-0167)
- [Harmful Workplace Experiences and Women’s Occupational Well-being: A Meta-Analysis](https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684315599346)Sojo, V. E., Wood, R. E., & Genat, A. E. · Psychology of Women Quarterly · 2015Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684315599346)
- [In Harm’s Way: Factors Related to Psychological Distress Following Sexual Harassment](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01525.x)Collinsworth, L. L., Fitzgerald, L. F., & Drasgow, F. · Psychology of Women Quarterly · 2009Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01525.x)
- [Examining the Job-Related, Psychological, and Physical Outcomes of Workplace Sexual Harassment: A Meta-Analytic Review](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00451.x)Chan, D. K.-S., Chow, S. Y., Lam, C. B., & Cheung, S. F. · Psychology of Women Quarterly · 2008Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00451.x)
- [Harassing under the Influence: The Prevalence of Male Heavy Drinking, the Embeddedness of Permissive Workplace Drinking Norms, and the Gender Harassment of Female Coworkers](https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.12.3.232)Bacharach, S. B., Bamberger, P. A., & McKinney, V. M. · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(3), 232–250 · 2007Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.12.3.232)
- [The Moderating Roles of Race and Gender-Role Attitudes in the Relationship Between Sexual Harassment and Psychological Well-Being](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00330.x)Rederstorff, J. C., Buchanan, N. T., & Settles, I. H. · Psychology of Women Quarterly · 2007Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00330.x)

  
  
    

## Economic & career impacts

    

What harassment costs targets financially and professionally — from lost wages to derailed careers.

    
- [The Economic Effects of Sexual Harassment in the Workplace](https://ppr.lse.ac.uk/articles/10.31389/lseppr.118)Coly, C., & Suteau, M. · LSE Public Policy Review · 2025Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://ppr.lse.ac.uk/articles/10.31389/lseppr.118)
- [Paying Today and Tomorrow: Charting the Financial Costs of Workplace Sexual Harassment](https://iwpr.org/app/uploads/2021/07/Paying-Today-and-Tomorrow_Charting-the-Financial-Costs-of-Workplace-Sexual-Harassment_FINAL.pdf)Hegewisch, A., Forden, J., & Mefferd, E. · Institute for Women’s Policy Research / Time’s Up Foundation · 2021NGO report[Source ↗](https://iwpr.org/app/uploads/2021/07/Paying-Today-and-Tomorrow_Charting-the-Financial-Costs-of-Workplace-Sexual-Harassment_FINAL.pdf)
- [Measuring the Economic Costs of Workplace Sexual Harassment on Women](https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1299/)Cowhey, M. R. · Scripps Senior Theses (Claremont) · 2019Thesis[Source ↗](https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1299/)
- [Limiting Our Livelihoods: The Cumulative Impact of Sexual Harassment on Women’s Careers](https://www.aauw.org/resources/research/limiting-our-livelihoods/)American Association of University Women (AAUW) · 2019NGO report[Source ↗](https://www.aauw.org/resources/research/limiting-our-livelihoods/)
- [Why Do Women Engineers Leave the Engineering Profession? The Roles of Work–Family Conflict, Occupational Commitment, and Perceived Organizational Support](https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21900)Singh, R., Zhang, Y., Wan, M., & Fouad, N. A. · Human Resource Management, 57, 901–914 · 2018Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21900)
- [The Economic and Career Effects of Sexual Harassment on Working Women](https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243217704631)McLaughlin, H., Uggen, C., & Blackstone, A. · Gender & Society · 2017Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243217704631)
- [Compensating Differentials for Sexual Harassment](https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.3.630)Hersch, J. · American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings · 2011Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.3.630)

  
  
    

## Race, immigration & intersectionality

    

How race, immigration status, and overlapping identities shape both the risk of harassment and the barriers to doing anything about it.

    
- [Gender, Diversity and Discrimination in the Workplace](https://fsc-ccf.ca/app/uploads/2024/09/Gender-Diversity-and-Discrimination-Report_EN.pdf)Future Skills Centre, Environics Institute & Diversity Institute (Toronto Metropolitan University) · 2024InstitutionalCanadian[Source ↗](https://fsc-ccf.ca/app/uploads/2024/09/Gender-Diversity-and-Discrimination-Report_EN.pdf)
- [‘I Made Myself Small Like a Cat and Ran Away’: Workplace Sexual Harassment, Precarious Immigration Status and Legal Violence](https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2019.1604326)Villegas, P. E. · Journal of Gender Studies · 2019Peer-reviewedCanadian[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2019.1604326)
- [‘I’m Not Thinking of It as Sexual Harassment’: Understanding Harassment across Race and Citizenship](https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205282785)Welsh, S., Carr, J., MacQuarrie, B., & Huntley, A. · Gender & Society · 2006Peer-reviewedCanadian[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205282785)
- [Race, Threat and Workplace Sexual Harassment: The Dynamics of Harassment in the United States, 1997–2016](https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12394)Cassino, D., & Besen-Cassino, Y. · Gender, Work & Organization · 2019Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12394)
- Workplace Sexual Harassment at the MarginsMcDonald, P., & Charlesworth, S. · Work, Employment and Society · 2015Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017014564615)
- [Workplace Harassment: Double Jeopardy for Minority Women](https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.2.426)Berdahl, J. L., & Moore, C. · Journal of Applied Psychology · 2006Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.2.426)

  
  
    

## 2SLGBTQIA+ & gender-diverse workers

    

The workplace experiences of transgender, non-binary, and other 2SLGBTQIA+ employees — including in Canada’s federal public service.

    
- [Emancipatory Entrepreneurship: Building a 2SLGBTQI+ Entrepreneurship Knowledge Hub](https://www.rekh.ca/_files/ugd/f8eec8_af893c685a06491e87690d7576c75bab.pdf)Rajunov, M. · REKH / Fyrefly Institute, University of Alberta · 2025Institutional reportCanadian[Source ↗](https://www.rekh.ca/_files/ugd/f8eec8_af893c685a06491e87690d7576c75bab.pdf)
- [Empowering 2SLGBTQIA+ Workers in Energy](https://prideatwork.ca/programs/resources/report-empowering-2slgbtqia-workers-in-energy/)Pride at Work Canada · 2025Institutional reportCanadian[Source ↗](https://prideatwork.ca/programs/resources/report-empowering-2slgbtqia-workers-in-energy/)
- [Working for Change: Understanding the employment experiences of Two Spirit, trans, and nonbinary people in Canada](https://indd.adobe.com/view/publication/58481269-3b10-4fa1-be9f-3a9e0848e5d3/1/publication-web-resources/pdf/EN-Working_For_Change_Report.pdf)Egale Canada · 2024NGO reportCanadian[Source ↗](https://egale.ca/awareness/wfc/)
- [‘…full of opportunities, but not for everyone’: A narrative inquiry into mechanisms of labor market inequity among precariously employed gay, bisexual, and queer men](https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23574)Kinitz, D. J., et al. · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · 2024Peer-reviewedCanadian[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23574)
- [Queering the Tech Ecosystem](https://research.queertech.org/qtresearch)QueerTech · 2024NGO reportCanadian[Source ↗](https://research.queertech.org/qtresearch)
- [Job quality and precarious employment among lesbian, gay, and bisexual workers: A national study](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101535)Kinitz, D. J., Shahidi, F. V., & Ross, L. E. · SSM – Population Health · 2023Peer-reviewedCanadian[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101535)
- [Trans, Two-Spirit, and Non-Binary People in Canada](https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/jr/qlslpttnpc-rqpjgptbnc/pdf/RSD_2022_Trans_2spirit_non_binary_qualitative_report_EN2.pdf)Department of Justice Canada · 2022GovernmentCanadian[Source ↗](https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/jr/qlslpttnpc-rqpjgptbnc/pdf/RSD_2022_Trans_2spirit_non_binary_qualitative_report_EN2.pdf)
- [2STNBGN Perspectives on Access to Justice: A Legal Needs Assessment](https://justicetrans.org/app/uploads/2STNBGN_Perspectives_on_Access_to_Justice-Report-Guillaume.pdf)JusticeTrans · 2022NGO reportCanadian[Source ↗](https://justicetrans.org/app/uploads/2STNBGN_Perspectives_on_Access_to_Justice-Report-Guillaume.pdf)
- [Access and Equity for 2SLGBTQ+ Businesses in Canada](https://www.torontomu.ca/content/dam/diversity/reports/Access-and-Equity-for-2SLGBTQ-Businesses-in-Canada.pdf)Diversity Institute, Toronto Metropolitan University, with CGLCC · 2022Institutional reportCanadian[Source ↗](https://www.torontomu.ca/content/dam/diversity/reports/Access-and-Equity-for-2SLGBTQ-Businesses-in-Canada.pdf)
- [Should I Stay or Should I Go? Employment Discrimination and Workplace Harassment against Transgender and Other Minority Employees in Canada’s Federal Public Service](https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2020.1712140)Waite, S. · Journal of Homosexuality · 2020Peer-reviewedCanadian[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2020.1712140)
- [Doing Trans-Economic Justice: A Critique of Anti-Discrimination Laws and Inclusive Employment Policies](https://doi.org/10.1017/cls.2020.15)Irving, D., & Hoo, N. · Canadian Journal of Law and Society · 2020Peer-reviewedCanadian[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1017/cls.2020.15)
- [Transitioning Employers: A survey of policies and practices for trans inclusive workplaces](https://prideatwork.ca/app/uploads/2020/06/Transitioning-Employers-comp.pdf)Institute for Gender & the Economy (Rotman), with Pride at Work Canada · 2020Institutional reportCanadian[Source ↗](https://prideatwork.ca/app/uploads/2020/06/Transitioning-Employers-comp.pdf)
- [Gender Transition and Job In/Security: Trans* Un/der/employment Experiences and Labour Anxieties in Post-Fordist Society](https://atlantisjournal.ca/index.php/atlantis/en/article/view/4778)Irving, D. · Atlantis: Critical Studies in Gender, Culture & Social Justice · 2017Peer-reviewedCanadian[Source ↗](https://atlantisjournal.ca/index.php/atlantis/en/article/view/4778)
- [Reproducing the Hetero-Masculine Order at Work: The Sexual Harassment of LGBTQ+ Employees](https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-025-01182-9)Perales, F., Campbell, A., & Elkin, N. · Sexuality Research & Social Policy · 2025Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-025-01182-9)
- [Concealable Stigma and Occupational Segregation: Toward a Theory of Gay and Lesbian Occupations](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0001839215576401)Tilcsik, A., Anteby, M., & Knight, C. R. · Administrative Science Quarterly · 2015Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0001839215576401)
- [Voices from Beyond: A Thematic Content Analysis of Transgender Employees’ Workplace Experiences](https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000030)Brewster, M. E., Velez, B. L., Mennicke, A., & Tebbe, E. · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · 2014Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000030)
- [The Career Experiences of Male-to-Female Transsexuals](https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000011430098)Brown, C., et al. · The Counseling Psychologist · 2012Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000011430098)
- [Pride and Prejudice: Employment Discrimination against Openly Gay Men in the United States](https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/661653)Tilcsik, A. · American Journal of Sociology · 2011Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/661653)

  
  
    

## Indigenous communities

    

Harassment, violence, and their mental-health toll in Indigenous communities and workplaces, including in resource-extraction settings.

    
- [Building Inclusion for Indigenous Peoples in the Canadian Workplaces](https://www.catalyst.org/research/inclusion-indigenous-peoples-canada-workplace/)Thorpe-Moscon, J., & Ohm, J. · Catalyst · 2021NGO reportCanadian[Source ↗](https://www.catalyst.org/research/inclusion-indigenous-peoples-canada-workplace/)
- [A Discussion Paper: Ending Sexual Violence and Sexual Exploitation in First Nation Communities](https://chiefs-of-ontario.org/app/uploads/2020/09/FORMATTED-FINAL-Ending-Sexual-Violence-and-Sexual-Exploitation-In-First-Nation-Communities-v4.pdf)Chiefs of Ontario · 2020InstitutionalCanadian[Source ↗](https://chiefs-of-ontario.org/app/uploads/2020/09/FORMATTED-FINAL-Ending-Sexual-Violence-and-Sexual-Exploitation-In-First-Nation-Communities-v4.pdf)
- [The Effects of Resource Extraction on Inuit Women and Their Families: Evidence from Canada](https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2017.1379778)Nightingale, E., Czyzewski, K., Tester, F., & Aaruaq, N. · Gender & Development · 2017Peer-reviewedCanadian[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2017.1379778)
- [Aboriginal Mental Health: The Statistical Reality](https://www.heretohelp.bc.ca/visions/aboriginal-people-vol5)Khan, S. · Visions Journal (HeretoHelp BC) · 2008MagazineCanadian[Source ↗](https://www.heretohelp.bc.ca/visions/aboriginal-people-vol5)

  
  
    

## Industry-specific settings

    

Sectors where harassment is especially prevalent or structurally embedded — restaurants, hospitality and tourism, care work, policing, and the technology industry.

    
- [Not on the Menu: OHRC Inquiry Report on Sexualized and Gender-Based Dress Codes in Restaurants](https://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/not-menu-ohrc-inquiry-report-sexualized-and-gender-based-dress-codes-restaurants)Ontario Human Rights Commission · 2016GovernmentCanadian[Source ↗](https://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/not-menu-ohrc-inquiry-report-sexualized-and-gender-based-dress-codes-restaurants)
- [Law’s Gendered Subtext: The Gender Order of Restaurant Work and Making Sexual Harassment Normal](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10691-016-9322-z)Matulewicz, K. · Feminist Legal Studies · 2016Peer-reviewedCanadian[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10691-016-9322-z)
- [Law and the Construction of Institutionalized Sexual Harassment in Restaurants](https://doi.org/10.1017/cls.2015.12)Matulewicz, K. · Canadian Journal of Law and Society · 2015Peer-reviewedCanadian[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1017/cls.2015.12)
- [Workplace Incivility in STEM Organizations: A Typology of STEM Incivility and Affective Consequences for Women Employees](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-023-05459-0)Saxena, M. · Journal of Business Ethics · 2024Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-023-05459-0)
- [Microaggressions, Interrupted: The Experience and Effects of Gender Microaggressions for Women in STEM](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05203-0)Kim, J. Y., & Meister, A. · Journal of Business Ethics · 2023Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05203-0)
- [Pinning Down the Jellyfish: The Workplace Experiences of Women of Color in Tech](https://worklifelaw.org/publication/pinning-down-the-jellyfish-the-workplace-experiences-of-women-of-color-in-tech/)Williams, J. C., Korn, R., & Ghani, A. · Center for WorkLife Law, UC Law SF · 2022Institutional[Source ↗](https://worklifelaw.org/publication/pinning-down-the-jellyfish-the-workplace-experiences-of-women-of-color-in-tech/)
- [Sexual Harassment in Care Work — Dilemmas and Consequences: A Qualitative Investigation](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.02.018)Nielsen, M. B. D., et al. · International Journal of Nursing Studies · 2017Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.02.018)
- [‘But It’s Your Job to Be Friendly’: Employees Coping with and Contesting Harassment from Customers in the Service Sector](https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12117)Good, L., & Cooper, R. · Gender, Work & Organization · 2016Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12117)
- [Hostility or Hospitality? A Review on Violence, Bullying and Sexual Harassment in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry](https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1064364)Ram, Y. · Current Issues in Tourism · 2015Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1064364)
- [An Examination of the Workplace Experiences of Police Patrol Officers: The Role of Race, Sex, and Sexual Orientation](https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611109348473)Hassell, K. D., & Brandl, S. G. · Police Quarterly · 2009Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611109348473)
- [Incivility in the Workplace: Incidence and Impact](https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.6.1.64)Cortina, L. M., Magley, V. J., Williams, J. H., & Langhout, R. D. · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · 2001Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.6.1.64)

  
  
    

## Law & policy (Canada)

    

How Canadian human-rights law, labour arbitration, and unions have — and haven’t — addressed workplace sexual harassment.

    
- [Loi visant à prévenir et à combattre le harcèlement psychologique et la violence à caractère sexuel en milieu de travail (projet de loi n° 42)](https://www.assnat.qc.ca/fr/travaux-parlementaires/projets-loi/projet-loi-42-43-1.html)Assemblée nationale du Québec · 2024GovernmentCanadian[Source ↗](https://www.assnat.qc.ca/fr/travaux-parlementaires/projets-loi/projet-loi-42-43-1.html)
- [To Stop Gender Discrimination at Work, Canada Has all the Laws It Needs — but the System Enforcing Them Is Broken](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-power-gap-broken-pipeline/)Doolittle, R. · The Globe and Mail (Power Gap series) · 2021CommentaryCanadian[Source ↗](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-power-gap-broken-pipeline/)
- [Workplace Sexual Harassment and the “Unwelcome” Requirement: An Analysis of BC Human Rights Tribunal Decisions from 2010 to 2016](https://doi.org/10.3138/cjwl.32.1.03)Hastie, B. · Canadian Journal of Women and the Law · 2020Peer-reviewedCanadian[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.3138/cjwl.32.1.03)
- Droit de la santé au travail régissant les problèmes de santé mentale : prévention, indemnisation et réadaptationLippel, K., & Cox, R. · JurisClasseur Québec — Santé et sécurité du travail · 2018Peer-reviewedCanadian
- [Labour Arbitration of Co-Worker Sexual Harassment Cases in Canada](https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.1222)Hart, S. M. · Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences · 2012Peer-reviewedCanadian[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.1222)
- [Le harcèlement psychologique au travail : portrait des recours juridiques au Québec et des décisions rendues par la Commission des lésions professionnelles](https://doi.org/10.7202/1029210ar)Lippel, K. · Pistes, 7(3) · 2005Peer-reviewedCanadian[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.7202/1029210ar)
- [Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Where Were the Unions?](https://doi.org/10.1177/0160449X18809432)Avendaño, A. · Labor Studies Journal · 2018Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1177/0160449X18809432)

  
  
    

## Media, culture, credibility & gaslighting

    

What drives harassment as a form of power and norm-enforcement, and how culture, media, and tactics like gaslighting and credibility-discounting shape whether survivors are believed.

    
- [Tech-Facilitated Violence: The Elements and Impact of Online Gender-Based Hatred and Oppression](https://www.leaf.ca/publication/tech-facilitated-violence/)Biros-Bolton, N. · Women’s Legal Education and Action Fund (LEAF) · 2021NGO reportCanadian[Source ↗](https://www.leaf.ca/publication/tech-facilitated-violence/)
- [The Sexual Harassment of Uppity Women](https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.425)Berdahl, J. L. · Journal of Applied Psychology · 2007Peer-reviewedCanadian[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.425)
- [Discounting Credibility: Doubting the Stories of Women Survivors of Sexual Harassment](https://scholarship.shu.edu/shlr/vol51/iss2/1/)Epstein, D. · Seton Hall Law Review · 2020Peer-reviewed[Source ↗](https://scholarship.shu.edu/shlr/vol51/iss2/1/)
- [The Sociology of Gaslighting](https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122419874843)Sweet, P. L. · American Sociological Review · 2019Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122419874843)
- [Why Women Are Blamed for Being Sexually Harassed: The Effects of Empathy for Female Victims and Male Perpetrators](https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684319868730)Bongiorno, R., Langbroek, C., Bain, P. G., Ting, M., & Ryan, M. K. · Psychology of Women Quarterly · 2019Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684319868730)
- [Work, Bodies and Boundaries: Talking Sexual Harassment in the New Economy](https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12048)Brunner, L. K., & Dever, M. · Gender, Work & Organization · 2014Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12048)
- [Framing Sexual Harassment through Media Representations](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2012.11.003)McDonald, P., & Charlesworth, S. · Women’s Studies International Forum · 2013Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2012.11.003)
- [Sexual Harassment, Workplace Authority, and the Paradox of Power](https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122412451728)McLaughlin, H., Uggen, C., & Blackstone, A. · American Sociological Review · 2012Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122412451728)

  
  
    

## Institutional betrayal & institutional courage

    

How an institution’s response to a report shapes the harm — “institutional betrayal” when employers or schools fail those who depend on them, and “institutional courage” when they respond with support and transparency.

    
- [Institutional Courage Attenuates the Association Between Institutional Betrayal and Trauma Symptoms Among Campus Sexual Assault Survivors](https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001812)Adams-Clark, A. A., Barnes, M. L., Lind, M. N., Smidt, A., & Freyd, J. J. · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · 2026Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001812)
- [Psychological Safety, Workplace Incivility, and Institutional Betrayal: Organizational Factors Shaping Mental Health in First Responders](https://doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.490)O’Dare, K., et al. · Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being · 2025Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.490)
- [When Institutions Harm Those Who Depend on Them: A Scoping Review of Institutional Betrayal](https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380241226627)Christl, M.-E., Pham, K.-C. T., Rosenthal, A., & DePrince, A. P. · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · 2024Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380241226627)
- [Improving Workplace Response to Sexual Assault: Recommendations from Survivors](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-024-09524-2)O’Callaghan, E., et al. · Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal · 2024Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-024-09524-2)
- [Sexually Harassed, Assaulted, Silenced, and Now Heard: Institutional Betrayal and Its Affects](https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12997)Duffy, S., O’Shea, M., & Tang, L. M. · Gender, Work & Organization · 2023Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12997)
- [Institutional Courage Buffers Against Institutional Betrayal, Protects Employee Health, and Fosters Organizational Commitment Following Workplace Sexual Harassment](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278830)Smidt, A. M., Adams-Clark, A. A., & Freyd, J. J. · PLOS ONE · 2023Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278830)
- [The Promise and Peril of Sexual Harassment Programs](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818477116)Dobbin, F., & Kalev, A. · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(25), 12255–12260 · 2019Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818477116)
- [So You Want to Address Sexual Harassment and Assault in Your Organization? Training Is Not Enough; Education Is Necessary](https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2019.1663475)Freyd, J. J., & Smidt, A. M. · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · 2019Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2019.1663475)
- [Institutional Betrayal: Inequity, Discrimination, Bullying, and Retaliation in Academia](https://doi.org/10.1177/0731121417743816)Pyke, K. D. · Sociological Perspectives · 2018Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1177/0731121417743816)
- [Institutional Betrayal](https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037564)Smith, C. P., & Freyd, J. J. · American Psychologist · 2014Peer-reviewed[DOI ↗](https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037564)

  
  
    

## Selected books

    

Longer works the site draws on, grouped by focus.

    

### Workplace sexual harassment

    
- Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of Sex DiscriminationCatharine A. MacKinnon · Yale University Press · 1979Book
- The Shield of Silence: How Power Perpetuates a Culture of Harassment and Bullying in the WorkplaceLauren Stiller Rikleen · American Bar Association · 2019Book
- Staying in the Game: The Playbook for Beating Workplace Sexual HarassmentAdrienne Lawrence · TarcherPerigee · 2020Book
- Sexual Harassment, the Abuse of Power and the Crisis of Leadership: Superstar Harassers and How to Stop ThemJames K. Beggan · Edward Elgar Publishing · 2019Book

    

### #MeToo, complaint & culture

    
- Complaint!Sara Ahmed · Duke University Press · 2021Book
- Had It Coming: What’s Fair in the Age of #MeToo?Robyn Doolittle · Allen Lane · 2019BookCanadian
- MeToo: The Impact of Rape Culture in the MediaMeenakshi Gigi Durham · Polity · 2021Book

    

### Betrayal, whistleblowing & institutions

    
- Blind to Betrayal: Why We Fool Ourselves We Aren’t Being FooledJennifer J. Freyd & Pamela Birrell · Wiley · 2013Book
- Whistleblowers: Broken Lives and Organizational PowerC. Fred Alford · Cornell University Press · 2001Book

    

### Sexual assault & the law

    
- Putting Trials on Trial: Sexual Assault and the Failure of the Legal ProfessionElaine Craig · McGill-Queen’s University Press · 2018BookCanadian
- Rape: The Misunderstood CrimeJulie A. Allison & Lawrence S. Wrightsman · Sage · 1993Book

    

### Gender-diverse & 2SLGBTQIA+ workers

    
- Queer Career: Sexuality and Work in Modern AmericaMargot Canaday · Princeton University Press · 2023Book
- Trans Bodies, Trans Selves: A Resource by and for Transgender Communities (2nd ed.)Laura Erickson-Schroth (Ed.) · Oxford University Press · 2022Book
- The Lives of Transgender PeopleGenny Beemyn & Susan Rankin · Columbia University Press · 2011Book
- Transgender RightsPaisley Currah, Richard M. Juang & Shannon Price Minter (Eds.) · University of Minnesota Press · 2006Book
- Transgender Workplace Diversity: Policy Tools, Training Issues and Communication Strategies for HR and Legal ProfessionalsJillian T. Weiss · BookSurge Publishing · 2007Book
- Transgender Employment Experiences: Gendered Perceptions and the LawKyla Bender-Baird · SUNY Press · 2011Book
- Transgender in the Workplace: The Complete Guide to the New Authenticity for Employers and Gender-Diverse ProfessionalsVanessa Sheridan · Praeger · 2018Book
- Transgender Employees in the Workplace: A Guide for EmployersJennie Kermode · Jessica Kingsley Publishers · 2017Book
- Gender Ambiguity in the Workplace: Transgender and Gender-Diverse DiscriminationAlison Ash Fogarty & Lily Zheng · Praeger · 2018Book

    

### Canadian context

    
- Human Rights in Canada: A HistoryDominique Clément · Wilfrid Laurier University Press · 2016BookCanadian

    

### French-language context

    
- Souffrance en France : la banalisation de l’injustice socialeChristophe Dejours · Seuil · 1998Book
- Le Harcèlement moral : la violence perverse au quotidienMarie-France Hirigoyen · Syros · 1998Book

  

  
    **Source types:**
    Peer-reviewed
    Government
    NGO / Institutional
    Thesis
    Commentary
    Book / Other
     · Canadian = source authored, published, or about Canada
  

  
    

## About this evidence base

    

These are the sources that inform Aftermetoo — peer-reviewed studies, Canadian government data, and reports from established research and advocacy organizations, with particular weight on Canadian evidence. They are the reading that underpins the site, gathered in the course of the work rather than compiled as a catalogue of its own.

  

## Article reviewers

Aftermetoo articles are reviewed by members of the following panel of people and organizations. Not every member reviewed every article; regional articles were reviewed by lawyers in that jurisdiction.

- Kathleen Avery, LLB, lawyer, Yukon Workers’ Safety and Compensation Board
- Barbara Bergmann, JD, lawyer, Workplace Sexual Harassment Clinic/Yukon Legal Services Society
- Meredith Brown, JD, lawyer, Calibrate
- Stephen Carpenter, LLB, lawyer, Workers Compensation Board of PEI
- Amber Chisholm, JD, associate director, Public Legal Education and Information Service of New Brunswick (PLEIS-NB)
- Callandra Cochrane, JD, lawyer, Barbra Schlifer Commemorative Clinic
- Alexander Dezan, JD, legal counsel, Yukon Human Rights Commission
- Sandra Guarascio, JD, lawyer, investigator, facilitator, Roper Greyell LLP Employment + Labour Lawyers
- Andrea Gunraj, vice-president, public engagement, Canadian Women’s Foundation
- Sara Hanson, JD, senior associate, Moore Edgar Lyster LLP
- Noah Jacobs, BA, Public Legal Information Association of NL
- Khurram Khurshid, LLB, research officer, New Brunswick Human Rights Commission
- Raphaëlle Laframboise-Carignan, JD, lawyer, RavenLaw LLP
- Kevin Love, JD, lawyer, Community Legal Assistance Society, BC
- Sarah McCoubrey, BFA, JD, MEd, lawyer, Calibrate
- Lesley McCullough, JD, founder and director, Workplace Sexual Harassment Legal Clinic, Yukon
- Alison McEwen, JD, RavenLaw LLP
- Garreth McGrath, JD, legal support navigator, Public Legal Information Association of NL
- Sarah McHugh-Wade, BA, legal support navigator, the Journey Project
- Sandra MacKenzie, JD, lawyer, Lawson Lundell LLP
- Anna-Marie Manley, LLB, lawyer, Patterson Law
- Deepa Mattoo, LLB, lawyer and executive director, Barbra Schlifer Commemorative Clinic
- Loretta Merritt, LLB, LLM, lawyer, Torkin Manes Barristers & Solicitors
- Chetan Muram, JD, counsel, Toronto Workers’ Health and Safety Legal Clinic
- Gobhina Nagarajah, JD, staff solicitor, Newfoundland and Labrador Human Rights Commission
- Alex Norris, JD, associate, Carbert Waite LLP
- Anita Nowinka, BSc, JD, associate, Carbert Waite LLP
- Kim Nutz, JD, Sunstone Legal in association with West Legal
- Kevin O’Shea, JD, executive director, Public Legal Information Association of NL
- Coral Rajchgot, LLB, JD, former intern, Aftermetoo
- Carley Reynolds, BA, criminology; JD, counsel, Donich Law
- Lucie Roubin, avocate, Juripop
- Ginette Savoie, director, Workers’ Advocate, Government of New Brunswick
- Paméla Schiavoni, JD, lawyer, New Brunswick Human Rights Commission
- Mary Shortall, president, Newfoundland and Labrador Federation of Labour
- Morgan Sim, JD, MA, international relations, lawyer, Parker Sim LLP
- Cécile Simon, JD, avocate-conseillère, Juripop, Bureau du respect de la personne
- Michelle Squires, JD, project manager, Canadian Mental Health Association, York Region
- Dayna Steinfeld, LLB, JD, Winnipeg lead lawyer, RavenLaw LLP
- Keir Vallance, JD, lawyer, Bainbridge Jodouin Cheecham Barristers & Solicitors
- Sherri Walsh, JD, managing partner, Hill Sokalski Walsh LLP
- Madeleine Werker, JD, associate, Grosman Gale Fletcher Hopkins LLP
- Canadian Labour Congress
- The Help and Information Center on Workplace Harassment (GAIHST)
- Newfoundland and Labrador Human Rights Commission